I know, there's a ton of these posts. Every woodworker out there has written about their bench. I'm going to write one anyway. Here's a pretty picture to get you through the mounds of text you're about to see:
1) Design Criteria.
I wanted a bench I could use indoors, since my usual shop is an unheated garage. I knew I'd only be using hand tools (nothing powered), so I focused on that. It was going in a small room that also had a few craft tables in it, so I needed to be able to pack everything up on it, and I wasn't going to be able to hang pegboard or cabinets, so tool storage was important. So the final list ran:
- Heavy! I don't want it moving while I'm planing.
- Not too big. I originally wanted 2'x5', but wound up settling for about 2'x4'.
- Good vise. I wanted a heavy duty vise on the left end.
- Decent storage space, with the option to use holdfasts once I get around to buying some. (Meaning it needed to have 7" of space between the surface of the bench and the top shelf for the holdfasts I was looking at).
- Cheap. I don't have a lot of money to spend on this hobby, so price mattered.
- Finally, it couldn't be ugly. It was going in a living space, and guests and my girlfriend would see it on a regular basis.
I finally settled on a modified version of a bench I saw in either Shopnotes or Woodsmith magazine; the article was titled something like "Heirloom Workbench", and I could find it again if anyone wants to know where it came from.
2) Materials and cost.
As best I can figure, the wood I used would have cost me about $110-120 if I'd bought it all specifically for the project. However, I didn't; quite a lot of it was scrap or leftovers from other projects. I think I spent around $85 on new wood for this. The fasteners were all things I had already; mainly drywall screws and four "TimberLok" 6" fasteners.
The legs are 4x4 Douglas Fir. Two eight foot pieces covered it nicely, with some left over. A twelve footer would have been more efficient (less waste), but there weren't any good ones and they're hard to transport anyway. The shelves, sides, back (missing in the above photo), and top are all 3/4" cabinet grade plywood from a big box store. I pretty much used up two full sheets, one for the top and one for the rest of the "box". Trim and the tool rack are 1x pine, and the leg vise is 2x6 pine, as I recall... it might have started out 2x8, but I'm not sure.
That brings me to the most expensive piece: the vise screw. Look, I could have gone cheap. ShopFox and Jorgensen both have screws on Amazon for about $20-30. But I wanted bulk. I wanted a seriously heavy screw. So I spent close to $80, and bought a screw from woodcraft. It's an inch and a quarter across, and weighs a ton. It's got something like three threads per inch, and you can crank it down hard enough to damage the wood of the vise. That said, I probably would have been just fine with the $30 one from ShopFox... and I wouldn't have doubled the price of the bench to do it. Oh well... lessons learned, I suppose, and I really don't regret it.
3) Features and construction.
As best I can figure, the bench weighs in at somewhere between 200 and 250 pounds. 3/4" ply weighs around 72 pounds per sheet, as best as I can find. (If it were actually 3/4", it would probably weigh 75. But it's not... it's just under.) Douglas Fir is heavier than pine, which is one reason I chose it. I also like the way it looks. A foot of Douglas Fir 4x4 should weigh around 5-6 pounds, and I used something like twelve feet, and another four feet or so of DF 2x4. Figure a total equivalent of fourteen feet at 5. pounds each (it's quite dry), and you get 77 pounds. Another few pounds for the pine trim, and you get about 80 pounds of solid wood. I'm guessing around 135 pounds for the plywood -- I didn't use all of it -- and the tool rack probably weighs in around 8-10 pounds. So... without tools, about 225 pounds. Not bad for a bench with two feet by four feet of workspace! Placed on a rubber mat as it is, it's just not going to go anywhere. It vibrates, certainly, and things in the tool rack tend to swing around, but it
feels solid.
Let's start with the easy part. Each of the four legs has, essentially, a stopped rabbet in it on the inside corner. The sides of the "box," the open area below the top shelf, fit into the rabbets and are fastened with drywall screws. There's a gap above those 3/4", then another small piece to fill in above the top shelf. The front and back rails, which form the edge of the bottom shelf, are made of Douglas Fir 2x4, and fitted to the legs with BIG mortises. The mortises were started with a drill press, and finished, as I recall, with a 1" chisel. The rails are glued and pegged, so they're not coming apart any time soon. The back just kind of slots in between the top and bottom shelf... which is why it's missing from the picture. The space is slightly larger than the panel, and it fell out while I was moving the bench. Oops. The rails are also rabbeted, end to end, to take the bottom shelf. That shelf is basically a pressure fit -- it's constrained by the rabbets front and back, and the plywood sides on each end.
Further holes in the legs: I punched three through-holes in the right front leg. Why? Well, because then I can put pegs in to support longer pieces that I'm holding in the vise. I've only wanted that once, but it worked well. The holes are 3/4", so the holdfasts I'm planning on should also work with those holes. On the left front leg, there's one big hole -- about 1 3/8" -- for the vise screw to pass through. The nut for the screw is fastened to the back of the leg. This is the one piece I'd change if I had the option. It works, but it's clunky. I'd be happier if I had bored a larger hole and mortised in the nut; it would look better and be easier to manage. I may, eventually, jam a dowel or something in and redrill, but that's a project for another month.
The top is four layers of 3/4" plywood, with two layers of pine banding around the edges. The bottom three layers of ply are glued and screwed together, and the top fits in inside the banding, being held in place by that and the tool rack on the back. In retrospect, I overcomplicated the whole process. There are two sizes of plywood sheet (the bottom piece is 3/4" deeper and 1 1/2" wider), and the banding has two heights (the inside piece sits on top of the step created by the bottom sheet of ply, and the outer piece is just glued to the inner piece. It works great -- it's unbelievable solid, even with the top piece not fastened on in any way -- but it was harder than it needed to be. If I were doing it again, I'd cut all four pieces identically, and glue and peg the banding onto the bottom three layers.
So how did I attach the top, I hear you cry? Well, that's where the TimberLok fasteners came in. I drilled and countersunk pilot holes through the bottom three layers of ply, and drove the fasteners straight through into the legs. Not, perhaps, quite as elegant as cutting mortises for the legs to fit into, but it was cheap, easy, quick, and I'd do it again in a heartbeat. There's nearly an inch of wood between the bench top and the fasteners, so cutting into them and damaging a tool is unlikely, and they can be taken out and reused if I ever want to re-build the bench.
Really, that's it. The most complicated joinery is some stopped rabbets for the plywood. Some pilot holes were drilled with a drill press, some were done with an eggbeater drill. Almost all the screws were driven with a brace or a screwdriver, since my power driver died just before I started this project.
The Planing Stop:
You might see an odd piece of wood hanging off the left end in the photo above. Here's a better shot:
That's a very simple planing stop. It offers support from the front of the bench to the back, and can be adjusted to be as high or as low as I've ever wanted. It's not perfect, but it was quick and easy.
The Vise:
The vise is ridiculously simple. It's just a slightly shaped chunk of 2x pine, with a vise screw through it a couple feet up. That odd little bracket at the bottom deserves a closer look, though. The problem with a leg vise is that it tends to tilt if the bottom isn't kept steady. The traditional solution seems to be a straight piece, mortised into the bottom, that runs through a mortise in the leg. That then has a bunch of holes drilled in it, and a pin is used to restrict how far it can move. I went simpler. I screwed a short piece of aluminum bar stock to the back of the front leg, and two pieces of 1x2 to the sides of the chop. The 1x2 pieces have notches cut every 3/4", more or less, which act to prevent the bottom of the vise from moving when the screw is turned. I've used it to hold stock less than 1/2" thick, and more than 8" thick. Neither had problems, and I see no reason to believe that will change. I did notice recently that it tends to bow a bit if I really crank down, but it still seems to hold perfectly well, so I'm not going to stress about it.
The Ends:
Seeing as there was all this unused space at each end, I put a couple of racks on the bench. At the right end it's just some 1x scrap, rabbeted and glued together into an L shape. That was then screwed to the bench to hold clamps. It works pretty well.
At the other end, I screwed a single piece across, leg to leg, and put some nails in to hang two of my cheap saws from. I'm also planning to add shaped hangers for a couple of nicer saws, but haven't yet, so those sit next to the bench instead.
Final Notes:
Scroll way back to the beginning, to that first picture, then come back. Done? Good. What you see in that shot is essentially my most-used tool set. I have a toolbox that can hold everything that's sitting on the bench except the jointing plane (bottom shelf, on the right), and if I'm going somewhere where I know there'll be a bench and I may have time, I bring them. The things that also travel with that aren't in that shot are:
- A two sided sharpening stone and a leather strop
- A pile of auger bits for the brace, along with a hex adapter for it.
- A cheapo (Ryobi) roll of drill bits and driver bits.
- I generally replace the black-bladed Stanley FatMax saw with a nice old Diston, but sometimes both go with.
- You can't see it, but there's a saw-sharpening file on the back of the worksurface. That goes with too, although I don't really expect to use it.
If I was doing this again, I'd pretty much make the same choices. In the long run, I hope to add storage under the top shelf; three drawers on one side, and a cabinet on the other, though I may go with just six drawers. I might also go a bit cheaper on the screw. In the end, that screw can put enough force on the chop that I fully expect it to break someday. A cheaper one would likely have been entirely adequate, and brought the total cost under $150. That said, I'll probably never be happy with a standard face vise again. There's just too much benefit to the way the leg vise works for me.
In any case, there you have it. A nice bench for under $200, that could be brought under $150 by compromising on the screw.
